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beck youth inventory review

Beck Youth Inventories
                                  (For Children and Adolescent)
The Beck Youth Inventories-Second Edition (BTI-II) are five self-report scales that may be used separately or in combination to assess a child’s experience of depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behavior, and self-control. The inventories are intended for use with children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 18.
The BTI-II provides easy to administer and brief assessments of distress in children and adolescents. Each inventory contains 20 statements about thoughts, feelings, or behaviors associated with emotional and social impairment in children and adolescents. Written at the 2nd grade reading level, the items are easy to understand. For each scale, children describe how frequently each statement is true for them, including today.
v Self-Report:

Self-report measures are effective tools to obtain unique information concerning the psychological status of the child. Self-reports are particularly important for evaluating internalizing symptoms and cognitions such as those involved in depression, anxiety, anger, self-esteem. Self-reports also evaluate externalizing symptoms such as disruptive behavior.
The inventories measure emotional and social impairment in the following domains:
·         Beck Depression Inventory for Youth(BDI-Y):
This inventory is designed to identify symptoms of depression in children and adolescents. It includes items that reflect the respondent’s negative thoughts about himself or herself, his or her life, and future; feelings of sadness; and physiological indications of depression.
·         Beck Anxiety Inventory for Youth(BAI-Y):

The items in this inventory reflect children’s fears (about school, getting hurt, their health), Worrying, and physiological symptoms associated with anxiety.

·         Beck Anger Inventory for Youth(BANI-Y):

Items include perceptions of mistreatment, negative thoughts about others, feelings of anger, and physiological arousal.

·         Beck Disruptive Behavior Inventory for Youth(BSCI-Y):

Behaviors and attitudes associated with Conduct Disorder and oppositional-defiant behavior are included in this inventory.


·         Beck Self-Concept Inventory for Youth(BSCI-Y):

The items in this inventory explore self- perceptions, such as competence, potency, and positive self-worth.

v  Previous Research

There were many self-reports that measures depression, anxiety, disruptive behavior, anger and self-concept. But these measures had many limitations and had low reliability and validity. These self-reports were lengthy, not easy to administer. Items required a higher reading level. Later on the BYI_II was introduced and now this is preferable to many of the current standardized scales due to the following reasons.

·         The inventories are brief, easy to administer instruments. They have fewer items than most other measures on the market but do not sacrifice reliability and validity.
·         The inventories address the comorbidity of disorders of negative affect in children and adolescents without sacrificing the potential for discrimination and specificity where this is indicated. Collectively, the BYI-II inventories are broad in scope in their assessment of negative affect in children and adolescents.
·         Short, psychometrically sound scales are available to assess the constructs of anger and disruptive behavior.
·         The inventories were developed and co-normed using standardization samples of American youth stratified to match the U.Scensus. Scores of the individual inventories can be compared to responses characteristic of the U.S standardized population of children and adolescents.

v  Application of BYI-II
The BYI- II has a variety of applications for range of clinical setting. Written at a second grade level, the intervention can be read to children and adolescents with learning disabilities. Each inventory is brief, so children and adolescence are more likely to be compliant in completing them than when asked to fill out many traditional self -report scale.
The inventories allow clinicians and counselors to tap into the private experience of children and adolescents. You often impact information on inventories that they are reluctant to voice aloud. They can be valuable tool to identifying children who are at risk.

School setting
      The inventories are valuable tool in the school setting for counselors and school nurses under the supervision of a qualified user. They can be used along with other methods, such as behavioral observation, interviews with concerned adults or parents report to screen for problems such as anger, disruptive behavior, and for depressive and anxiety symptoms. They may assist in early identification of students who are likely to develop serious difficulties, which would impair their ability to function in school setting.



Forensic, residential, and inpatient settings
       BYI-II has excellent clinical utility. As in school, it can be useful in identifying children who are symptomatic or at risk. The inventories may be administered in combination for more comprehensive assessment and profiling or in specific combination tailored to the specific needs of the child being assessed. It is used in special settings. Children who evaluate children under state custody, for example may be able to gather information for parents, guardians, or significant other. Children’s in forensic setting may be unwilling to reveal information verbally, but may be willing to endorse items on inventories. This inventory has similar utility within inpatient setting.
   
Outpatient Mental Health Setting
The mental and behavioral health care of many youth is provided on an outpatient basis where cost- effectiveness is considered as well as client satisfaction and therapeutic change.
 Outpatient Medical Setting
            When children or adolescence report emotional and physical complaints or when they demonstrate behavioral problem, they are first taken to their primary care provider. Then beck youth can be valuable aid in diagnosis and treatment.


Administration

·         Examiner Qualifications:

The BYI-II may be administered by a variety of individuals under supervision. Individual responsible for administration and interpretation of the inventories should be trained in clinical assessment procedures and should be knowledgeable about the appropriate uses and limitations of psychological tests.


·         Administration Time:

Depending on the youth’s age, reading and mental status, 5 to 10 minutes should be allotted for each inventory. It is recommended that you adjust the time period to meet the special needs of the youth being tested.

·         Test Setting:
The testing environment should be quite, comfortable, and free from distraction. Group testing should involve small groups, and youth should have enough room to be assured of privacy as the complete the inventory.
·         Tools:

The Youth needs one or two pencils with erasers and a flat surface on which to write.


·         Test Instructions:
The circumstance of the testing directs how you introduce the inventories. For example, you may explain that these questions help concerned others understand how the youth thinks and feels. Ask the child or adolescent to read the instructions at the top of the inventory very carefully. Direct the youth to answer every question honestly and to select only one response for each question.
·         Missing Items:
Youth should be encouraged to complete all items. Up to two missing items are admissible. Total raw score may not be converted to T score without this missing item estimation step.



Scoring

·         Calculating Total Raw scores:

The total raw score for each inventory is obtained by adding item, scores, which may be 0,1, 2 or 3, for all 20 items of the scale. Only one score may be counted for each item. When there appears to be more than one response to an item, and this cannot be clarified with the youth, use the response with the higher point value. There is a shaded box at the bottom of each inventory labeled RS. Place the total Raw score in this box. The range of possible total Raw scores on each of the five inventories is 0-60.

For the conversion of total Raw score to T score there is a table. The left side of the table is for females and the right side for males. Identify the column corresponding to the appropriate inventory. Transfer the total raw score to the Total RS box in the appropriate inventory column of the T-score profile on page 7. The columns for the inventories appear in the same order as the inventories in the Combination Booklet.

Based on the age and sex of the youth tested, find the T-score equivalents in Appendix A of the manual. Record the values in the TS boxes. T-scores may be plotted on the graph on page 7. There are two severity levels for BYI-II, one is for above average scores and second is for below average scores.

Scores                                         Severity Level

T=70+                                          Extremely elevated
T=60-69                                      Moderately elevated
T=55-59                                    Mildly elevated
T=<55                                      Average
                                     Scores                          Severity Level
                                    T=>55                             Above average
                                   T= 45-55                           Average
                                   T= 40-44                           Lower than average
                                   T= < 40                             Much lower than average

Determining Cumulative Percentage:
            T score provide a common metric that allows profiling across scales. It allows a comparison of an individual total raw score relative to the total variability of individual norm group. The cumulative percentage of a particular T score indicates how many individuals within that norm group obtained that score or lower.
                                          Reliability

Internal consistency:
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient computed for each of five inventories within each of six norm group indicated high internal consistency ranging from .86 to .91 for ages 7-10 and from 8.6 to .92 for ages 11-14.Alpha’s ranged from .91 to .96 for adolescent between the ages of 15 and 18.
Test Retest:
Test retest reliabilities among youth ages 7 to 10 range from .74 - .90; .74 - .88 for females and .79 - .90 for males.
















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